Types of Opinion Essay Samples

Types of Opinion Essay SamplesNYT Opinion Essay is a multi-format course offered by the University of Rochester and the American Library Association. In it, you will learn about how to write an essay on various subjects that covers the entire spectrum of educational content. So, what are the types of subjects covered in the essay? It includes a number of subjects such as: global warming, human health, military or health, online learning, libraries, technology, medical advances, sociology, economics, environmental issues, crime and law, and global economic concerns.What do these samples contain? The samples will help you see how the subjects will be written and how they can be interpreted. You may find it helpful to study them carefully before you begin writing your own essay. Many writing manuals offer this sample of essays. Some publishers of textbooks may also provide sample materials as part of the text.To write an opinion essay, you must first think about the topics that will be included in the essay. That is the very first step towards writing an essay. After that, you need to think about the purpose of the essay. Write down everything that you can think of and decide which ones to include. After that, you will begin to form the theme or content of the essay.When you think about the purpose of the opinion essay, you must consider how the essay will be used. Will it be sent to a school or will it be an essay on the Internet? Consider your audience before writing the essay. If the essay is to be used for educational purposes, you should stick to the rules and principles of grammar and punctuation. That is one of the most important things that you should remember in writing an opinion essay.How do you find samples of opinion essays? There are many places where you can find samples of opinion essays. Newspapers, books, websites, and other public agencies are among the options. Some may even provide you with a private publisher for your essays. Some may even le t you choose from among a number of essay samples that have been edited for their particular format.How will you learn the proper techniques for writing an opinion essay? You should first learn how to write a thesis statement, then decide which topic to cover. Make sure you understand what you are writing before you begin writing. You will have a clearer idea when you actually begin writing the essay.Learn to understand the entire process before you begin to write an opinion essay. Learn what the rules are about writing an opinion essay and how you should structure your essay. Then you can avoid making common mistakes and can give yourself the best opportunity to succeed in this field.

psychology Essay - 990 Words

Chapter 2 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This article is from the April 2003 issue of Psychology Today. In chapter 2, behavior is the main topic. Behavior is a bit unexplainable , but it can be put into form of patterns or predictions. Also, behavior is uncontrolled, but can be changed to a small degree with the use of medicine or a good diet. This article â€Å"Fighting Crime One Bite At A Time† tells how a good diet can maybe decrease the number of rule breaking by prisoners in jail. This article relates how changing ones nutrition can change their behavior. This article showed an experiment where 231 inmates were either given vitamin supplements and the others to fake pills to see which group would break the rules more. The vitamin group†¦show more content†¦A small part in chapter talks about the conflict in intimate relationships in how you can’t really truly be honest in with your feeling and your sexual desires. It also talks about how being able to handle interpersonal conflict is important in any relationship. This article â€Å"Save Your Relationship† comes from the April 2003 issue of Psychology Today relates how in to work on breaking new ground in intimate relationships and how to put the spice back in the sack. This article really talks about how to not argue about the little things and really just appreciate the time that you get to spend together. Your emotions in a relationship are one of the most important things. Chapter 9 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This is the chapter is on lifespan development and the growing of a child through there life. In this chapter there is a part that talks about how parents talk to there kids in a kind of baby talk also known as motherese or infant directed speech. Talking to your child while they are in the infant or toddler stage in a high pitch voice or using half words will only hurt your child’s development as they begin to talk. This article taken from Psychology Today entitled â€Å"Cut The Baby Talk† relates how talking to children in baby talk will slow down their language skills as they grow. This study suggests that speaking in complex sentences will set a better example and improve their language skills whenShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Psychology And Psychology1627 Words   |  7 Pagescovers the many questions we may have about psychology. It starts with the history and how it has changed throughout the years. It covers some of the many subfields an d jobs you can have as a psychologist. It also covers the four big ideas that are associated with psychology. There are many more topics and sub-topics that will be covered within this paper on chapter 1. Section 1-1 Psychological Science is born: This section shows how the heart of psychology changes over time. In 1879, at a germanRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1519 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has been defined by many as the study of mental disorder or behavioral problems but discoveries and developments, points to psychology as the study of human mind and its functionality which includes the way we think, act, perceive things and be able to make decisions; all these makes man a complex being. Psychology isn’t just a phenomenon; it is a scientific study. Psychology as a science answers the question â€Å"why†, proposes a theory and sets experiment to test the hypothesis. The researchRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology889 Words   |  4 PagesOne: Psychology Defined Psychology is an exceptionally multifaceted field of study, regardless, it can be commonly defined as the study of mental processes and human behavior. The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict and control the behavior of others. Psychology incorporates an extensive range of different perspectives into its general principles as well as focuses on securing them with applied research, case studies, evaluations, etc. I first became interested in psychology whenRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1018 Words   |  5 Pagesof psychology is common to talk about the psychological schools, as these are defined as groups of psychologists who shared a theoretical view and focused psychological problems with a common orientation; these have evolved over time. Psychology was first established as a separate science of biology and philosophy, that s when the real debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began start, different psychological schools represent the major theories of psychology. TheRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology892 Words   |  4 PagesWhen you first think of the word psychology, what is the first thing that comes to your mind? Well, some people might say they don’t know or some would say it’s something that has to do with the mind and/or human behavior. Psychology which comes from the Greek term â€Å"psyche† is the study of mental processes and behavior; especially those affecting behavior in a given context. There are several schools of thought in psychology. These schools include: structuralism (Wundt), functionalism (James), gestaltRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1267 Words   |  6 PagesPaper What is psychology? What impact does psychology have on the world? What does it mean to be a psychologist? These are three important questions that will be investigated throughout this paper. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. Psychology influences many behaviors in the world without anyone noticing. Watson is interested in behaviorism. This means he was interested in the behavior of people and how they act and react. Through his article, Psychology as the BehavioristRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology850 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology to me is meant to help people understand the complexity of other human beings. We have established the existence of many disorders which are mainly beyond the control of people because of chemical imbalances in the brain. Although with these reasons, we still have attached negative and positive connotations to many disorders. We have created this concept of psychology in order to help us try to find some sense of order in our lives. This can allow us to try rank ourselves next to anotherRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1703 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has a lot of jobs to choose from.Any job in psychology is going to be involved helping people. Trying to find out why people do the things they do and trying to predi ct the behavior of people, their emotions, and mental processes. Making sure your child or any person you care about is okay mentally, is important and is the job of people who work in a major in psychology. For this paper, the roles of a psychiatrist, a counselor, and a psychologist will be discussed. The audience will learnRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1300 Words   |  6 PagesIn Psychology There are six modern psychological perspectives. These perspectives are behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, social, cultural, and biological. Each perspective has its own unique way of explaining human behavior. I think that really explains the complex mental processes and behavior, and each prospective study should not be limited to just one. The following is my explanation of the terms and comparisons between the psychodynamic and behavioral aspects relating to the OctoberRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology Essay2200 Words   |  9 PagesHow is ps ychology defined today? How did psychology start out being defined originally? Humans have always been interested in understanding their own body, especially the brain itself. Some of the first people to explore psychology were Aristotle and Socrates, (even though some of the things they thought were wrong) of course at the time they did not know what exactly they were studying. https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/introduction-to-psychology-1/intr

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Essay on Conformity vs. Individuality in Schools - 886 Words

As a student, I am often troubled by the rigid routines of the school day, despite the fact that I am actually a very habitual person. The constant ringing of bells, lectures, bellwork, classwork, homework, each a daily practice throughout the school year. Although all of these components promote conformity, which will ultimately support the balance of school and societal norms, they also tend to threaten each student’s own unique characteristics. This then poses the question; to what degree should schools encourage conformity versus individuality? Certainly, a level of conformity is required to achieve a balanced society however, the overall structure of the school day and class, including the methods used to teach and mandatory classes,†¦show more content†¦This includes prohibitions against assault and theft or respect for leaders (Source G). Given that students are at an age where they are extremely moldable, it is imperative that they learn these rules in school. Looking at the actual amount of conformity present in schools, as opposed to the ideal amount, it seems that schools have moved past a healthy level to a point where students don’t often have to genuinely think for themselves. On a basic level, students don’t have to plan or use their judgment to ensure that they arrive to class on time. They become dependent on bells to tell them when they need to be in class and when they are late (Source B). On a more complex level, students rarely have to use their problem solving skills to come to their own conclusions. Learning in the classroom is typically centered around the memorization of facts and methods as opposed to critical thinking. Students are requested to learn the details and regurgitate them on test day, despite the fact that very little of it will be remembered later on. On the rare occasions when students are confronted by a critical thinking question, they often struggle as they have little practice in this a rea. If schools were to put more emphasis on individuality, where students could think freely and responsibly and contribute their own ideas, students would better themselves and societyShow MoreRelatedIndividuality vs. Conformity in High School Essay670 Words   |  3 PagesIt was the first day of school. I was eager to see most of my friends who I went to middle school with. There was one big thing that struck me; I noticed my friends changed. They started dressed differently, acted differently, changed their hair style, and even started wearing makeup. Since the transition fresh out of middle school and into high school, my friends wanted to look older. The biggest factor that bothered me was how they would conform to look like the sophomores, juniors, and seniorsRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Not Get Them Bullied, It Depends On The Bully870 Words   |  4 Pagesonly way to be accepted is by conforming which is not what we should be pushing for. It’s important to attack the problem by the root. A lot of times the bully may be going through something in their life outside of school which is why they’re lashing out at others. If all the school systems do to fix bullying is make their students wear uniforms, then what will they do once the cliques start to form. At this age, the nature of a child is the same in or out of a uniform and will find any and everythingRead MoreWhy Should We Take Gym Class?1275 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerned parents have raised the issue of individuality vs. conformity, or letting students choose whether or not they want to take the class vs. forcing them to, pertaining to physical education. Conformity is the wise choice-- schools should make gym a mandatory class every year. Because physical education improves a student’s health, encourages teamwork, and boosts academic performance, the sacrifice of individualism is well worth it in the end. Schools must make students conform when it comesRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Uniforms1671 Words   |  7 Pages Hari Mainali South University School Uniform â€Æ' Abstract Freedom of dress is violated by restricting on school uniform. A school and university have their own dress code which does not require a particular dress. Some researcher and scholar suggest misbehavior in the student are the result of banning uniform. But misbehavior is what they acquired in their life. Banning uniform, student can exercise their right to express themselves freely. Student will be able to focus on education and saveRead MoreDifferences between Homeschooling and Public Education780 Words   |  3 PagesWrite a 1,050-to 1,250- word final draft of your compare-and-contrast essay. (Home school vs. public education). Introduction The differences between homeschooling and public education are huge but can be summarized along three lines: firstly, homeschooling is just that, where the parent or an employed governess teaches the child in a home, as compared to a, school setting. Secondly, the home setting employs its own voluntary rules and schedule of education teaching whatever the home educator desiresRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Not Be A Requirement For School892 Words   |  4 PagesUniforms: Should they be a Requirement for School While in a perfect world many educators say that school uniforms are an asset but I have to say school uniforms are detrimental to the students. School uniforms are a financial hardship on low-income families, make students a target for bullying, infringe on a students’ freedom of expression rights and they teach students a negative lesson about conformity. Show the opposing side of mandatory school uniforms it will be shown that the uniformRead MoreLord Of The Flies, By William Golding And The Perks Of Being A Wallflower1087 Words   |  5 PagesPeace by John Knowles for my AP U.S. History class while I read The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger over the summer. A Separate Peace explores the rivalry that can lie at the heart of many friendships and conveys the concept of individuality rather than conformity. Similarly, The Catcher in the Rye is the story of a teenage boy who despises the phoniness of society and fears becoming just another phony adult. Both novels share similar characteristics including their utilization of literary devicesRead MoreBullying And Its Effect On Children1366 Words   |  6 Pagescausing this behavior. Primary school is an especially tough time for our young ones. If educators are really looking to put an end to bullying, they have to attack it from the root of the problem (Linder-Altman). What a chi ld is wearing will not get them bullied, it depends on the bully. Making uniforms mandatory in efforts to decrease bullying, only teaches our children that the only way to be accepted is by conforming which is not what we should be pushing for. It’s important to attack the problemRead MoreUniforms Should Not Wear School Uniforms1751 Words   |  8 PagesDuring every school year, the issue on if school officials should or should not entail students to wear uniforms in school is a constant debate among the parents and staff members in school districts. Just like any other controversial issues, there are two sides to the argument representing both the good and bad points that exist behind student being required to wear uniforms in school. Although it can take students time to adjust to transitioning into the policy of being required to wear uniformsRead MoreCurrently There Is A Growing Awareness Of The Prevalence1558 Words   |  7 Pagesregular bullying, whereas less than 10% of adolescents’ aged 17 report any bullying, including bullies and victimization of bullying, on a weekly basis. Baldry (2004) examined the effects of attitude toward bullying and victimization in Italian middle schools. Baldry (2004) aimed to establish young adolescents’ positive and negative judgments according to gender, toward a victim being bullied on the basis of if the victim was bullied in a group or alone; hypothesizing the gender of the bullies and victims

Case Study of a Lack of Promotion Essay - 931 Words

The problem At first sight, it appears as though the problem is that Diana did not get her promotion to a district manager. When asking why, one can conclude that it is due to her lacking emotional intelligence and having external attribution to outcomes around her. Analysis Diana’s loss for a promotion opportunity twice in a row has caused her to lose control of her mind, bursting in tears as she left the conference room where her interview outcome was going to be revealed to her by her supervisors. This behavior did not result in her achieving anything, and if she thinks back, she would probably agree. In order to get the promotion to a district manager, additional skills were required of Diana that she did not possess. In the†¦show more content†¦Customers like her because she always runs the restaurant according to the manual. However, the skills required for being in charge of multiple unit would involve a high amount of people skills including emotional intelligence. In order for Diana to excel at a district manager position, she would have to know how to motivate her employees and get along with them as well as facilitate organizational goal achievement. To many part time employees in the restaurant industry, this kind of job is te mporary. These kind of employees are not often planning to have a career in this industry but rather use it as a means to an end. In fact the restaurant industry often employs younger workers that are usually students, who’s performance could not possibly be solely blamed on themselves but rather on coaching. As a district manager, Diana would most likely be involved in a significant amount of training, development, coaching, and facilitating and she would need to know how to effectively communicate, control her emotions, and be emotionally intelligent to connect with others. Emotional intelligence is defined as the â€Å"ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion in oneself and others†. (Mcshane and Steen, 2011) Diana’s deficiencies in people skills is evident from her lack of empathy towards her employees, resulting in a higher than averageShow MoreRelatedThe European Union ( Eu )1339 Words   |  6 PagesThe European Union (EU) has a variety of methods to promote democracy beyond its borders. It is the contention of this paper that EU democracy-promotion policies are more significant in the context of a pre-accession conditionality. The success of EU democracy promotion is contingent upon the degree of bargaining power the EU possesses vis-à  -vis ‘third countries’ (third countries being those which seek EU membership, and are prepared to make the necessary political and economic reforms). In the contextRead MoreIdentifying Barriers Of Diversity For Law Enforcement Agencies1614 Words   |  7 Pageslaw enforcement. The article details what it calls â€Å"barriers† in the career lifecycle that result in the impediment of either hiring or the promotion of a diverse workforce. These barriers can occur at recruitment, hiring, and promotion stages in the career lifecycle. (Matthies 1) Recruitment barriers include the low numbers of diverse applicants due to the lack of outreach programs designed to bring awareness of the employment availability to minorities and women. Hiring barriers include failure toRead MoreResearch Methodology: Qualitative Methods of Data Collection Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pagesof the lack of healthy eating promotion programs in schools are leaving parents and students uneducated about how to purchase healthy items which is leading to childhood obesity. I also discussed how the problem is being addressed, as well as the theory of social constructionism. In this chapter, I will discuss the specific methodology I plan to use and the three different types of data colle ction I plan to employ to carry out my study. This study will use a qualitative approach to study and addressRead MoreCase Study - Joes Problem915 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study: What is Joe’s Problem? Lisa A. Jones Introduction This case study describes the problems resulting from the promotion of Joe Doss at Ajax. Joe had an outstanding technical mind. He enjoyed doing research and working alone in his lab. Recognized as an outstanding contributor to the company, he received a promotion to head of a new research team. Problems immediately ensued, administrative details went unattended, and team members found it difficult to talkRead MoreWhat Are The Methods Of Health Promotion And Wellness?737 Words   |  3 PagesMethods for marketing: My strategy for marketing can be started on facebook, we can create a public page that discusses the healthcare promotion and wellness to the whole people generally and seniors particularly. We can send an invitation to our friends. We should ask our friends to add more seniors to this page to increase their awareness about health promotion and wellness. The second way of marketing is Pamphlets: this method includes some simple sentences and simple shapes about our programRead MoreSexual Harassment At Their Places Of Employment1150 Words   |  5 Pagesdecreased success in regards to achieving goals, lack of job contentment, increased group conflicts, disrespect, and lack of trust among employees, negative image of the firm, increased absenteeism and loss, invaluable staff (Mondy Mondy, 2012). Individual effects include low work performance, loss of jobs, adverse psychological effects such as stress, anxiety, and depression, negative social consequences such as humiliation and public scrutiny, lack of trust, discrimination from workstations, transferRead MoreMAN435 Case Study 2 Problems with John Essay example1581 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿LGooding MAN 435 Case Study 2: Problems with John Dr. Schleckser 16 Feb 2014 Read Case Study 4.3 in your text. Then answer the questions. 1 As the team leader, you have weighed the pros and cons of the five options and prepare a presentation to management on how to address this problem. What do you suggest? As a team leader, my presentation to management would begin this way. Since this will probably not be an isolated case, much thought and consideration was given to this problem, and howRead MoreImproving Workplace Opportunities For Women1590 Words   |  7 Pageslaws that have performed a critical role in expanding workplace opportunities for women. However, these laws failed to guarantee workplace equality since female workers still face discrimination through significant pay gaps for similar job duties, lack of representation in boards and high paying positions, and also face sexual harassment at the workplace. Reports reveal that women still have a long way to go to achieve equality for themselves in their workplaces. More than two decades of developmentRead MoreEssay about Writing Up Controlled Assessment Invest1265 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Writing Up Controlled Assessment Investigation One TASK 1 Front cover with: Your name GCSE BUSINESS STUDIES CENTRE NAME: ST JAMES CENTRE NUMBER: 12278 CANDIDATE NUMBER Controlled Assessment B Deb’s Cafà © Some pictures Page number your document. Make sure you use the same font of the same size throughout. The exception is headings which can be larger. Only include the actual headings suggested (which are in bold and underlined) and not Task 2, 3 etc. There are marks for punctuation, spelling,Read MoreHank Kolb Case Study Analysis1220 Words   |  5 PagesHank Kolb, Director of Quality assurance Case Study xxxxxxxxxx February 28, 2013 As the newly hired director of quality, the first step in identifying the quality issues within the plan t is to understand the basic root cause of the problem. The general manager, Morgenthal, has already mentioned lack of quality attitude in the plant and the on-going problems within the plant. These are some of the problems and root causes that are plaguing the quality department. Personnel Newly

Candido Term Paper African Slave Trade free essay sample

An African Slaving Port on the Atlantic, by Marina Candida The impact of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on the people living in Angola during the seventeenth century onwards was monumental. The Portuguese presence in the Bengal harbor caused disorder, social strain, and sculptural transformation for the people specifically residing in Bengal.In the study An African Slaving port On the Atlantic, Marina Candida outlines the progression of Bengal starting from the primary Portuguese voyage In he seventeenth century until the mid-nineteenth century. She illustrates Bunglers inauspicious beginnings and their growth into one of the most important trading ports in the world, and soon after one of the largest slave trading ports. 1 The record of the Portuguese existence in Angola is explained in great detail, and Candida attempts to be as neutral as possible when speaking about delicate affairs.Her study on Bengal and its hinterland helps to secure the records of the Central Highlands of Ang ola according to their unique areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Candido Term Paper: African Slave Trade or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her study on how the Bengal slave port affected the Atlantic world is a captivating, and also intelligently and well put-together read for those who want to know how colonialism took over Angoras ports. The book focuses on the port of Bengal, which had a populous city in Angola, Africa. Candida focuses on the trans-Atlantic slave trade which occurred in Bengal, instead of what she believed had been the more popular studied sites of African ports north of the equator.Her study is the first full-length history of Bengal and its hinterland to be written in English, as well as one of the first to not be written from the perspective of Portuguese colonial defense. Through her exploration of the Bunglers port history from the initial relationship established between the local population and the Portuguese beginning in the mid-sixteenth century, Candida shows how slave exports to Spanish America and copper exploitation were the driving forces in the early colonial era. She also stresses th e role of the local population in the Atlantic slave trade. By bringing together many elements of Bengal, such as the politics, population, cultural aspects, and the role of the Europeans, her conclusion of the study emphasizes the importance of bilateral connections in the South Atlantic in order to understand paradigms in Atlantic history beyond those based on a North Atlantic perspective. She Uses a variety Of different sources to outline her argument, and misses no small detail when delineating her study, from the first Bengal, to her reasons for writing on such a complex and unfamiliar topic, which she argues is vital for understanding the development of African seaports. For her research in regards to her study, Marina Candida considered colonial documents, reports, official letters, censuses, export data, parish records, official chronicles, and oral traditions collected by missionaries and anthropologists. The combination of written and oral history Candida presents paints a picture of the formation of the major highlands, and also reveals the darker history not repeated in oral tradition. 7 She dedicates part of her introduction to making the reader aware of the multiple documents in the native Unbend languages which she had to decipher, as well as many Ritter records which have strong opinions from the African viewpoint, instead of the abundant historic coloni al documents from the European perspective.She also makes a note of declaring that in regards to past records of Atlantic slaving ports, she believes that in her multiple debates with historiography she can reshape the typical European accounts of the slave trade, and bring in numerous new contributions to the table, such as those of the Bengal women, political strife, the impact of slave society in the colonial world, and many more. I believe Candida has incorporated her arioso primary and secondary sources fluently into her claims and draws on many sources which must have taken great amounts of time to translate and use.She attempts to set herself away from the classic studies done on African slavery and colonization, and rather than relying on ethnographic data from the early twentieth century, [she] uses contemporary evidence, such as parish records, slave registers, and colonial reports to explore how people in Bengal identified themselves. 8 Her insight, mixed with her vigorous research, makes her study emerge compelling and stronger than others, even f the reader has never read into Bengal slave history previously.The volume is written in chronological order, and covers over two-hundred years. It begins before the arrival of the Portuguese, when Angela was only known for their copper inland and had good relations with the neighboring populations. After giving an insightful background on Bengal before colonialism, Candida moves into the imposing Portuguese period, where the Portuguese begin to take advantage of the Bengal resources, and turned their harbor into one of the largest trans-Atlantic slave ports.As the book continues, Candida opens up about the political issues between the Ambulant people and the colonies settling within the hinterland. She describes trade networks, British and Portuguese laws, and allows for the largest portion of the book to describe the mechanics of the slave trade. The political reconfi guration after Bengal gained their independence is also greatly important to Candids study, as it reveals personal issues and how the inhabitants of Bengal and its hinterland reflected on their welfare, sociality, economy, and human rights. As she begins to wind her argument down, the reader gets a full reiteration of Candids main statements and her most imperative specifics. She concludes with her general argument, that the events of twentieth-century Angola (political reconstruction, independence and human rights) and can be seen as the a part of the transformations Bengal and its hinterlands faced beginning in the late sixteenth century, and the evolution after Portuguese colonialism and the trans-Atlantic slave trade. In my own honest opinion, the book An African Slaving port and the Atlantic World: Bengal and its Hinterland, written by Marina P. Candida, was quite a difficult read. It had a textbook quality which made it very dry, although the amount of information she acquired for this study was both impressive and appealing. Her book offered me valuable information about a widespread topic from a minor perspective, which also made it more attainable. However, the facts listed almost one by one forced me to stop i n intervals in order to regain my concentration. With a serious, historically offensive topic such as his, keeping it exciting is something quite difficult, especially considering all of the proper facts and information being used to create a cohesive thesis. It was exceptionally well written, and I was heavily persuaded by Candida to believe that many of her views exceeded those from previous historians or recorders which she had mentioned, such as the previous pro-colonialist opinions. Her introduction and conclusions helpfully tied together the huge amounts of data being given, both by preparing me before the reading and by giving me a swift synopsis afterwards.Her study is fantastic for those who want to get a detailed look into the lives of popular slave ports during the rise of colonialism, and the evolution into independence, in Angola, Africa. I am glad read Candids study, and although I cannot say I would read it again, the information it provided me with makes me feel as though have a much stronger understanding of the tr ans-Atlantic slave trade, and Bengal as a whole.

Animal Shelter Solutions Essay Example For Students

Animal Shelter Solutions Essay Database Design Supplemental Project Book Instructor Version Oracle Academy Database Design i Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Contents INTRODUCTION IV How to Use this Project Book iv Project Difficulty iv PROJECT 1: DJS ON DEMAND 1 1. 1. Introduction 1 1. 2. Case Study 1 1. 3. Steps, Exercises, and Examples 3 1. 4. Solutions 9 PROJECT 2: GLOBAL FAST FOODS 15 2. 1. Introduction 15 2. 2. Case Study 16 2. 3. Steps, Exercises, and Examples 17 2. 4. Solutions 23 PROJECT 3: ANIMAL SHELTER 31 3. 1. Introduction 31 3. 2. Case Study 32 3. 3. Steps, Exercises and Examples 32 3. 4. Solutions 36 PROJECT 4: NATURAL SCIENCE LAB 1 4. 1. Introduction 41 4. 2. Case Study 42 4. 3. Steps, Exercises and Examples 42 4. 4. Solutions 46 Oracle Academy Database Design ii Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. PROJECT 5: RECYCLING CENTER 50 5. 1. Introduction 50 5. 2. Case Study 51 5. 3. Steps, Exercises and Examples 52 5. 4. Solutions 56 Oracle Academy Database Design iii Copyri ght  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Introduction This Supplemental Project Book contains a collection of projects designed to allow students to apply the concepts described in the Database Design portion of the â€Å"Database Design and Programming with SQL† course. It includes five projects, each comprising an introduction, case study describing the project specifics, and steps to be followed during implementation, exercises, and examples. Projects may be completed in tandem with the completion of corresponding lessons for the duration of the course. The goal of the projects is to make a presentation of an entity relationship diagram based on the data acquired during the steps of the project. How to Use this Project Book The projects may be used at various stages of the course to allow students the opportunity to put into practice what they are learning during the curriculum. Each project Introduction specifies approximately when the projects may be most applicable during the curriculum and approximately the duration for the projects. The Case Study section of the project book contains all supporting information related to the DJs on Demand and Global Fast Foods projects. The same section provides support questions for the remaining three interview-based projects, which are more advanced. This section includes the structural business rules, a few procedural business rules and other examples referencing concepts described in the Database Design course. This information will be helpful when completing the exercises of the project. The practice Steps allow students to apply their understanding of entities and their attributes, recognize different relationships between entities, increase their understanding of business concepts (such as CRUD analysis and checking data integrity) and finally enhance their presentation skills. Each step is designed for completion at the end of a specific lesson in the course. Project Difficulty The projects are ranked from 1 to 5, 5 being the most difficult, to help teachers determine the best project(s) to use for their students. The DJs on Demand project is rated 2 and provides a great deal of guidance. This project is recommended to reinforce the concepts students are just learning. Many examples are given in the curriculum. The Global Fast Foods project is rated 2. 5 and provides a great deal of guidance. This project is recommended to reinforce the concepts students are just learning on arcs, normalization, and many-to-many relationships. Oracle Academy Database Design iv Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. The Animal Shelter project is rated 3. and provides some guidance while encouraging practice of interviewing skills with the instructor, online research, and accurate and creative data modeling. The Natural Science Lab project is rated 4 and provides minimal guidance while encouraging practice of interviewing skills with a science teacher and accurate and creative data modeling. The Recycling Center project is rated 4 and provides minimal guidance while encouraging practice of interviewin g skills with an outside person, and accurate and creative data modeling. Oracle Academy Database Design v Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. DJs on Demand Project 1: 1. 1. DJs on Demand Introduction Difficulty Scale: 2 The DJs on Demand project describes the business scenario for a disc jockey music service. Project Use: Apply The project states the business rules to be basic concepts of considered before designing a database model. No database modeling interviews are required for this project. The goal of Application: Start this this project is to ensure that all students have the project following Section same information before preparing the final 2 Lesson 2. presentation and creating the ERD. Most other rojects contained in the Project Book will require students to work on their interviewing skills – since the goal of each database modeling project is to satisfy the clients’ needs. Project success is demonstrated with successful interviews, creative solution creation, and an effective presentation. Since this is an introductory project, most of the entities and relationships in the E RD for the DJs on Demand project are presented as examples in the Database Design lessons of the course. The tasks outlined in the practices and examples focus on problem recognition and methods for improving the example presented. This project is complete when students have fully incorporated the final ERD into the presentation delivered to their instructor. The DJs on Demand project can be a useful tool for applying the basic concepts of the Database Design course. The lessons practices that reference this project are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Section 2 Lesson 2 Section 3 Lessons 1 and 2 Section 4 Lesson 2 Section 5 Lessons 3, 4 Section 7 Lessons 1 and 2 Section 15 Lessons 4 and 5 Note: If lessons are skipped, students may not be able to successfully complete the corresponding practice step, or any later steps in the project. On a scale of 1-5, the difficulty rank for this project is 2. It is recommended that instructors teach this project first as it helps students solidify their understanding of the basic concepts of data modeling. The final ERD can be found in the Solutions section of this project. 1. 2. Case Study Read the complete scenario for the DJ business below. Oracle Academy Database Design 1 Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. DJs on Demand â€Å"We started out as a group of friends who organized parties and customized our own music. Then we thought we’d turn it into a business to pursue our interests and earn some money. We called ourselves the â€Å"DJs on Demand. â€Å"Everyone who works here is a partner. Every partner has a specific responsibility. The project manager makes the first contact with the client to discuss the event. Is it a birthday party, a wedding, an anniversary, a graduation? What is the date for the party or event? â€Å"Once that’s decided, the event planner gets in touch with the client about specific locations, catering, decorations, and other specific details. The DJ talks with the client about the kind of music wanted. The project manager supervises the event planners and DJs. He/she also authorizes expenditures related to a project. â€Å"We have a large collection of CDs. Each CD contains several songs, and the same song can appear on several CDs. We like to classify each song by type (hip hop, salsa, RB (rhythm and blues), techno, polka, rock, jazz, new age, classical, etc. ) â€Å"We can propose an initial list of songs to the client depending on the event. Of course, a client can request other songs as well. â€Å"Our client list is growing. We have a lot of repeat business – customers who like what we’ve done and ask us to work their other events. We have some very busy customers who can have more than one event going on at the same time. â€Å"We also have a list of themes that we can use to categorize these events. For example: a wedding may have a tropical theme, a party may have a carnival theme, an anniversary could have a sixties theme, etc. This helps us pick a venue and also gives us an idea of what the DJ (and other musicians) should wear. Some partners have a specialty or expertise – so a theme can also help us assign the right person to the job. â€Å"Events are held either in a public space or a private home. The event manager visits both and makes arrangements with the public-space renter or the private-home owner. â€Å"Since several partners can work on an event, and an event can be assigned to several partners, we like to keep track of who is working on which event. We keep a log of what each event planner and DJ has done on an event, and when they did it. † Below is the business scenario describing relationships. â€Å"We like to classify all our music – each song or soundtrack – by type. The different types are rock, jazz, country, classical, pop, new age, etc. We can add new types as the need arises – in fact we recently added a new type for rap music. We realize that a song can really be classified under more than one type, but for our purposes we select only one main classification type for each song. † Oracle Academy Database Design 2 Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. DJs on Demand DJs on Demand clients, events, and themes are listed below. â€Å"Our client list is growing. We have a lot of repeat business – customers who like what we’ve done who ask us to work for them again. We have some very busy customers who can have more than one event going on at the same time! Each partner has some specialty or expertise – so when it’s appropriate, we like to classify our events by theme to help us assign the right person (partner) to the job. An event theme can be a beach party, medieval, carnival, retro sixties or seventies, etc. We keep adding event themes as we go. † Procedural business rule examples are listed below. â€Å"Initial contact with the client from DJs on Demand must be made by the project manager. â€Å"Approval for travel requests to an event must be signed by the project manager for that event. † 1. 3. Steps, Exercises, and Examples Step 1 – Recognizing attributes for an entity This step may be undertaken following Section 2 Lesson 2. Three entities that play a role in a DJ business (SONG, EVENT, and CUSTOMER) are listed as the first three column headings of the table below. The fourth column contains a collection of attributes. Use a check mark to indicate if the attribute listed could be an attribute for the entities listed. (For example, could Title be an attribute for Song, for Event, and for Customer? ) Table 1: Entity and attribute assignment SONG EVENT CUSTOMER Attributes Title Description Venue First Name Phone Number Release date Last Name Type Email address Step 2 – Understanding relationship between SONG and TYPE This step may be undertaken following Section 3 Lesson 1. You have learned about the relationship between SONG and TYPE. Answer the following questions: †¢ Must every SONG have a TYPE? Oracle Academy Database Design 3 Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. DJs on Demand †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Can you have a SONG that doesn’t fall under any one TYPE? What would you do in this case? Must every TYPE describe or classify a SONG? Why would we want to have a TYPE with no songs under it? How many songs can fall under one type? Think about attributes for both of these entities. Can you categorize the following music into playlists the same way SONGS are categorized into TYPES? Table 2: Musical listings SONG Viva la Vida Bach: The Cello Suites What a Wonderful World 4 Minutes Exclusive High and Dry We are the champions Help Me Brahms: The 4 Symphonies One more time Come on over Just my imagination The show must go on Thriller So what Mississippi Girl Back to black ARTIST Coldplay Yo-Yo Ma Louis Armstrong Madonna Chris Brown Radiohead Queen Elvis Presley Berliner Philarmoniker Herbert von Karajan Daft Punk Shania Twain The Rolling Stones Pink Floyd Michael Jackson Miles Davis Faith Hill Amy Winehouse GENRE Alternative Classical Jazz Pop RB/Soul Alternative Rock Pop, Rock Classical Electronic Country Rock Rock Pop Jazz Country RB/Soul Step 3 – Understanding relationship between clients, events, and types This step may be undertaken following Section 3 Lesson 2. You learned about entities and saw how the CLIENT, EVENT and THEME entities relate. Can you think of other entities for the DJs on Demand project? You can go back to the structural business rules described in the Case Study section of this project. Step 4 – Procedural business rules This step may be undertaken following Section 4 Lesson 2. Oracle Academy Database Design 4 Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. DJs on Demand You are already familiar with the structural business rules presented in the Case Study section. Another important piece of information, important when effectively modeling a database, is represented by the procedural business rules. An example of a procedural business rule is described in lesson 2 of section 4: Initial contact with the client must be made by the project manager. How could you incorporate this constraint in your ERD? Can you think of other examples of procedural business rules? Step 5 – Resolving many-to-many relationships This step may be undertaken following Section 5 Lesson 3. You already saw how to solve the M:M relationship between the PARTNER and EVENT entities through the JOB ASSIGNMENT intersection entity. Incorporate this in your ERD. How would you solve a M:M relationship between SONG and CD? What about the one between SONG and EVENT? What would be a good name for the intersection entities and what attributes would they have? Incorporate this step in your ERD. Step 6 – Understanding CRUD requirements This step may be undertaken following Section 5 Lesson 4. Performing a CRUD analysis on the model you created so far for the DJs on Demand project is important. A CRUD analysis helps you to check the completeness and accuracy of the data model. Use the business rules presented in the Case Study section and create a table following the example below. Look for words and phrases that impact CRUD (we want to track data, we need to enter data). Is there an entity or attribute or relationship that allows a user of the DJs on Demand to create, retrieve, update, or delete? Hint: All entities need to have one create and retrieve function. This means you need to have the business rules that points to entering data in the entity and viewing the data once it is in the database. Table 3 CRUD requirements example worksheet Entity EVENT ENTITY NAME Oracle Academy Business Rules Since several partners can work on an event, and an event can be assigned to several partners, CRUD Function? CREATE We like to keep track of who is working on which event. Specific business rule RETRIEVE Database Design 5 Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. DJs on Demand relating to the entity Table 4 CRUD examples Whenever we get a new customer, we take down asic information (name, address, email) and assign an ID. Create Wed like to print out a list of songs to be played at each event. Retrieve The event manager reserves the location and may do a site visit. Then she notes down the status and date of each job. Update A number of our customers were small companies that were hit hard by the recession. They went out of business. We r emoved them from our current records. Delete Step 7 – Mutually exclusive relationships This step may be undertaken following Section 7 Lesson 1. You have learned that you can represent mutually exclusive relationships through arcs. Incorporate the exclusive OR relationship between EVENT and PRIVATE HOME and PUBLIC SPACE in your ERD. Can you think of another example using the same method of mutually exclusive relationship? Step 8 – Supertypes and subtypes This step may be undertaken following Section 7 Lesson 2. In lessons 1 and 2 of section 7, you learned about the two ways to represent supertypes and subtypes: as arcs or through recursive relationships. Think about the advantages and drawbacks of each model. Which way would you choose to incorporate the supertype PARTNER, followed by the subtypes EVENT PLANNER, DJ, MANAGER, and OTHER in your ERD? Hint: Take into account the procedural business rule about the manager described above. Step 9 – Presenting the design to the instructor This step can be undertaken at the end of Section 15 Lesson 4. Create a presentation for the DJs on Demand Director, whose role will be played by your instructor. Organize your presentation, by including: †¢ †¢ Statement of the problem Information requirements of the business clearly stated Oracle Academy Database Design 6 Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. DJs on Demand †¢ †¢ Assumptions and constraints you took into account The ERD You will present this to your instructor, and you will be given the opportunity to present the ERD as a communication tool, along with the business rules, to show the client that you understand their needs and that these needs are being met by your design. A suggested order for the presentation is a follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Introduce the group members State the business issue that you addressed Present and explain the ERD (large enough for all to see) Summarize how your solution will meet the client’s needs Present written documentation State assumptions that you made in creating your solution Thank the clients for their time Exit gracefully Remember: When you have a very large diagram, it may also help to break it up into smaller diagrams of functionally related entities. You could use the smaller sub-diagrams when presenting to different groups within the customer’s company. Hint: Review Section 11 Lesson 1 for drawing conventions for readability. Step 10 – Making modifications and new requirements This step can be undertaken at the end of Section 15 Lesson 5. Modify your ERD based on the feedback received from the presentation to the DJs on Demand Director. Produce a Design Revision Document outlining the changes made since the presentation was given. Include the modified ERD with the Design Revision Document and submit the package to your instructor for review. Think of reports that can be generated from the future system, which includes the modifications you just made. Document how you imagine these reports could be used in the business. For example, the staffing manager could run an â€Å"Events Report† that lists the names of the partners who worked on different projects. If it looks like some of the partners are busier and perform better, then, the manager can promote them. Step 11 – Checking data integrity in the DJ database Stem cell research EssayWe’re still considering a separate dinner menu, but we’ll have to test that first. â€Å"The manager is responsible for supervising all employees and has a budget for expenses and a target revenue for the restaurant that he/she is in charge of. † 2. 3. Steps, Exercises, and Examples Step 1 – Speaking ERDish and drawing relationships This step can be undertaken at the end of Section 3 Lesson 3. Read the following business rules for the Global Fast Foods project and think about entities and relationships: Oracle Academy Database Design 17 Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Global Fast Foods I own a small fast-food restaurant. We feature food items from all around the world hence the name, Global Fast Foods. Some of our employees work at the counters and take orders. An order can consist of one or more food items. â€Å"Id like to track which of my employees work the hardest who takes the most orders? I want to know what the busiest times of the day are, and what the busiest days of the week are. I also want to find out which food items are the most popular. I have different kinds of employees on staff, but for all of them I need to know their first name, last name, age, and phone number. It might be helpful to take a review slides in Section 3 Lesson 1 in order to better understand the relationship between customer and order. Step 2 – Supertypes and subtypes This step can be undertaken at the end of Section 4 Lesson 1. Read the additional interview notes for Global Fast Foods listed below. Revise the ERD to reflect this information. I mentioned that we have different kinds of employees and how for all of them I need to know first name, last name, age, and phone number. Oh yes, every employee gets a salary. In addition to that, I need to know other things depending on what the employee responsibility is: †¢ †¢ A cook normally has some kind of training vocational school, selft aught, apprentice work, etc. I like to record that. The order taker is paid overtime on top of the standard salary. So I record how much we pay by the hour for every extra hour worked. The manager is responsible for supervising all employees and has a budget for expenses and a target revenue for the restaurant that he/she is in charge of. â€Å"Thats it for now. As we expand, I may hire other types of employees, but Im not sure what they would be at this time. Step 3 – Relationship transferability This step can be undertaken at the end of Section 5 Lesson 1. Read the interview with the owner of Global Fast Foods and revise the ERD as necessary. When a CUSTOMER places an order with one of our STAFF, that ORDER TAKER is responsible for seeing that ORDER through for making sure the chef gets it, for assembling it, and for collecting payment. If the CUSTOMER has changes or questions about that ORDER, he/she must go through the person the ORDER was placed with. The ORDER TAKER cannot ask another STAFF member to take care of it. Oracle Academy Database Design 18 Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Global Fast Foods Step 4 – Relationship types This step can be undertaken at the end of Section 5 Lesson 2. Read the following additional notes from a conversation with the Global Fast Foods owner and modify the ERD as needed: You were asking about the items that can appear on an order? Well, mostly its food items, but sometimes a customer can also purchase a frequent-diner card. This card entitles a customer to discounts at our restaurant. Also, if a customer buys this card, we can get information such as name and address. This way we can send the customer coupons and other promotional materials. The other benefit to us is that we can now track which items the customer likes to order regularly. When a customer comes in and uses the card, we now have a record of the orders placed with that particular card. â€Å"Each customer may have one frequent-diner card, and each card is for only one customer. Only one frequent-diner card can be used to place an order. â€Å"We have a variety of food items on our menu. Each order can be for multiple food items. And, of course, a food item (a hamburger, for example) can appear on many orders. Step 5 – Resolving many-to-many relationships This step can be undertaken at the end of Section 5 Lesson 3. Resolve the many-to-many relationship between ORDER and FOOD ITEM. How do you track the quantity of each food item ordered? Step 6 – Normalization and first normal form This step can be undertaken at the end of Section 6 Lesson 2. Read the following notes from a subsequent interview with the owner of Global Fast Foods: All employees on our staff are assigned to shifts. We currently maintain a morning and an afternoon shift, but we are considering adding an early evening shift. Currently we just have a sign-in sheet for each shift. It keeps getting lost, and then its hard for me to allocate the workload properly. Several employees work on a single shift, and we do have employees who work consecutive shifts. It helps me to know which of my staff are overworked and which are underutilized, so Id like to keep track of who is working double shifts, who is not working enough shifts, etc. Also, if theres a problem on a shift, I like to know immediately which employees were working during that time. Modify the ERD to include these new requirements. Oracle Academy Database Design 19 Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Global Fast Foods Go through each entity in your revised ERD and check that it is in first normal form. If not, modify the ERD so that it conforms to 1NF. Step 7 – Arcs This step can be undertaken at the end of Section 7 Lesson 1. Read the following interview notes with the Global Fast Foods owner. Refine the ERD accordingly. We just started introducing a promotional menu. This menu features food items that are not available on the regular menu. Its a way for us to test new items and to take advantage of seasonal events (holidays, etc. and commercial offerings (for example, when the movie King Kong was out, we offered oversized Kong burgers). Sometimes we have a little gift associated with a promotional item. For the Chinese New Year, we featured a mooncake on the promotional menu, and everyone who ordered it got a free toy dragon, because it was the year of the dragon. Each promotional menu has a name, such as Back to School or Summer Barbecue, and it has a start and end date. There is only one promotion in effect at any given time. Figure 3 Menu arcs â€Å"Our regular menus contain those items that customers expect when they come to Global Fast Foods. Right now we have two types: a breakfast menu, available from 6 a. m. to 11 a. m. , and a lunch menu, available from 11:01 a. m. until closing time. Were still considering a separate dinner menu, but well have to test that first. Oracle Academy Database Design 20 Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Global Fast Foods Redraw the REGULAR and PROMOTIONAL MENU entities as a supertype, and include the relationship to FOOD ITEM, based on the previously given scenario. Step 8 – Hierarchies and recursive relationships This step can be undertaken at the end of Section 7 Lesson 2. The following was noted in an earlier interview with the owner of Global Fast Foods: The manager is responsible for supervising all employees and has a budget for expenses and a target revenue for the restaurant that he/she is in charge of. Modify the ERD to include a recursive relationship on STAFF showing the managers supervisory role. Step 9 – Modeling historical data This step can be undertaken at the end of Section 7 Lesson 3. Revisit the SHIFT ASSIGNMENT entity in the Global Fast Foods ERD, and recall an earlier interview from Step 6: All employees on our staff are assigned to shifts. We currently maintain a morning and an afternoon shift, but we are considering adding an early evening shift. Currently we just have a sign- in sheet for each shift. It keeps getting lost, and then its hard for me to allocate the workload properly. Several employees work on a single shift, and we do have employees who work consecutive shifts. It helps me to know which of my staff are overworked and which are underutilized, so Id like to keep track of who is working double shifts, who is not working enough shifts, etc. Also, if theres a problem on a shift, I like to know immediately which employees were working during that time. Notice that consecutive shifts means that an employee can work two shifts on the same date. Answer the following questions: 1. What is the UID of this entity? How is it represented on the diagram? 2. Explain what would happen if the UID of SHIFT ASSIGNMENT included only the barred relationships to STAFF and SHIFT, and not the date. 3. Explain what would happen if the UID of SHIFT ASSIGNMENT included a barred relationship to STAFF, and the date? 4. Explain what would happen if the UID of SHIFT ASSIGNMENT included a barred relationship to SHIFT, and the date. Step 10 – Drawing conventions for readability This step can be undertaken at the end of Section 11 Lesson 1. Review your Global Fast Foods data model so far. Oracle Academy Database Design 21 Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Global Fast Foods 1. Identify the high-volume entities and redraw your ERD to use the crows fly south and east convention as far as possible. Try to avoid criss-crossing lines, and make good use of white space. 2. Create a smaller diagram that contains all the entities that would be of interest to the order taker. Step 11 – Basic mapping: the transformation process This step can be undertaken at the end of Section 12 Lesson 2. Transform the following entities in Global Fast Foods into table diagrams. Use suitable naming conventions. Figure 4 Entities to table diagrams Refer to the completed Global Fast Foods model and map the following: entities: †¢ †¢ †¢ FOOD ITEM ORDER ORDER LINE Transform relationships into foreign-key columns. Use as many rows as necessary in the following table diagram. Table 7 Primary, foreign, and unique key mapping Key Type (pk,fk,uk) Optionality (â€Å"*† or â€Å"o†) Column Name Transform the STAFF supertype in the Global Fast Foods model, using the subtype or two-table implementation. Step 12 – Presenting the design to the instructor This step can be undertaken at the end of Section 15 Lesson 4. Oracle Academy Database Design 22 Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Global Fast Foods Create a presentation for the Global Fast Foods client, whose role will be played by your instructor. Organize your presentation, by including: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Statement of the problem Information requirements of the business clearly stated Assumptions and constraints you took into account ERD One example of an assumption is that there is only one Global Fast Foods restaurant. The current model does not consider a chain of restaurants. You will present this to your instructor, and you will be given the opportunity to present the ERD as a communication tool, along with the business rules, to show the client that you understand their needs and that these needs are being met by your design. A suggested order for the presentation is a follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Introduce the group members State the business issue that you addressed Present and explain the ERD (large enough for all to see) Summarize how your solution will meet the client’s needs Present written documentation State assumptions that you made in creating your solution Thank the clients for their time Exit gracefully Step 13 – Modifications and new requirements This step can be undertaken at the end of Section 15 Lesson 5. Modify your ERD based on the feedback received from the presentation to the Global Fast Foods client. Produce a Design Revision Document outlining the changes made since the presentation was given. Include the modified ERD with the Design Revision Document and submit the package to your instructor for review. Think of reports that can be generated from the future system, which includes the modifications you just made. Document how you imagine these reports could be used in the business. 2. 4. Solutions Solution Step 1 – Speaking ERDish and drawing relationships Answer: Read the interview notes for Global Fast Foods and watch the video clips. Construct the ERD. Then present it to the class. Oracle Academy Database Design 23 Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Global Fast Foods Solution Step 2 – Supertypes and subtypes Answer: See example below. Do not try to model manager supervising all employees yet. This is a hierarchical or recursive relationship (between an entity and itself) and will be covered in a later step. Figure 5 ORDER and ORDER TAKER relationship Solution Step 3 – Relationship transferability Answer: An order may be only taken by an order taker. Therefore, the diamond goes on the ORDER side of the relationship with the ORDER TAKER. Solution Step 4 – Relationship types Answer: Point out how the scenario clarifies the M:M relationship between FOOD ITEM and ORDER. We also add a new entity called FREQUENT DINER CARD. There is no need to model CUSTOMER because we record customer information on the card. Someone may also ask, What if one customer places an order for a group of people, but each person in the group has a frequent-diner card? In this case, the discount applies to the total order, and the order gets tracked under the one frequent-diner card. Some students may not model a MENU entity, and some may decide that it is necessary. Both are valid. It is not clear right now that there is more than one menu. When we discuss arcs, they will get additional information that there are two menus. Oracle Academy Database Design 24 Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Global Fast Foods Figure 6 Frequent diner card and menu entities Solution Step 5 – Resolving many-to-many relationships Answer: See figure below. Figure 7 ORDER and FOOD ITEM relationship Oracle Academy Database Design 25 Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Global Fast Foods Solution Step 6 – Normalization and first normal form Answer: Go through each entity in your revised ERD and check that it is in first normal form. If not, modify the ERD so that it conforms to 1NF. The SHIFT ASSIGNMENT entity will result from the resolution of the M:M relationship between SHIFT and EMPLOYEE. There needs to be a date attribute in SHIFT ASSIGNMENT. The UID should include barred relationships from the two originating entities, plus the date. However, we have not learned to model change over time yet. Point out the UID but no need to emphasize this yet. If some students have trouble understanding it, tell them that we will talk about modeling time later. Figure 8 Shift assignment entity Solution Step 7 – Arcs Answer: See figure below. One acceptable solution would be to have three entities in the arc: †¢ †¢ †¢ PROMOTIONAL MENU BREAKFAST MENU LUNCH MENU BREAKFAST MENU and LUNCH MENU would have the same attributes code and hours served. One acceptable solution would be to have four subtypes of MENU (BREAKFAST, LUNCH, PROMOTIONAL, OTHER). The type attribute would not be needed in the BREAKFAST and LUNCH subtypes. Oracle Academy Database Design 26 Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Global Fast Foods Solution Step 8 – Hierarchies and recursive relationships Answer: Point out that the relationship is from MANAGER to STAFF, not STAFF to itself. This is because only a STAFF member who is a manager can supervise other employees. Also note that this ERD does not prevent a manager from supervising other managers. A hierarchical relationship (with MANAGER as a separate entity) would make this clear. Figure 9 STAFF recursive relationship Solution Step 9 – Modeling historical data 1. What is the UID of this entity? How is it represented on the diagram? Answer: The UID of SHIFT ASSIGNMENT is a combination of STAFF id, SHIFT code, and SHIFT ASSIGNMENT date. This is represented by the barred relationships to STAFF and SHIFT, and the # before date. 2. Explain what would happen if the UID of SHIFT ASSIGNMENT included only the barred relationships to STAFF and SHIFT, and not the date. Answer: Using just the barred relationships, without the date as part of the UID, an employee could never work the same shift again, even on a later date. 3. Explain what would happen if the UID of SHIFT ASSIGNMENT included a barred relationship to STAFF, and the date? Answer: Creating a barred relationship between SHIFT ASSIGNMENT and STAFF, and including the date in the UID, would mean that an employee could not work more than one shift on a given date. This would prevent an employee from working consecutive shifts. Oracle Academy Database Design 27 Copyright  © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Global Fast Foods 4. Explain what would happen if the UID of SHIFT ASSIGNMENT included a barred relationship to SHIFT, and the date. Answer: Creating a barred relationship between SHIFT ASSIGNMENT and SHIFT, and including the date in the UID, would mean that only one employee could work on a particular shift on a given date. Solution Step 10 – Drawing conventions for readability Answer: The Global Foods ERD can be drawn in several ways that are clear and readable. Look for adherence to basic conventions such as no crossing relationship lines, relationship names on either side of the relationship