Principles of Occupational Health and Safety - Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Critically analyse how external factors influence how an organisation approaches occupational health and safety and how a failing organisation can be turned around using all appropriate mechanisms of state intervention. Answer: Because of multitude hazards that exist in a workplace, it is the workplace that has bearing on health of an employee. The hazards may be related to biological, chemical and physical agents that exist in a workplace. Many areas of a workplace are an evolution of legislations such as, Health and Safety Act and Control of Substances Hazardous to Health. The occupational health and safety will be discussed in this essay and the impact of the regulations on the health and safety of the employees will also be discussed. The place where adults spend a substantial amount of spend is called a workplace. A workplace may have positive or negative influences on the wellbeing and health of the employees. Factors that influence health of an employee in context of occupational health and safety are, firstly, temperature and humidity, proper heating is important to give thermal comfort in cold season (Alli 2013). In certain occupation cold stresses may occur especially in jobs where preparation of food is involved or work in an open air condition. In the same way, protection should also be given during the summer season by maintaining the heat and the radiation level. Proper air movement within the organization is important as it allows the working more easy and comfortable. Maintenance of good temperature allows an employee to work in a comfortable and safe environment. Secondly, ensuring that there are safe equipments available at the workplace for the well being of the workers. This is very important as it may impose certain risks to the life of the workers. Construction of unobstructed emergency exits and pathways for the safe movement of employees and vehicles within the workplace should be maintained by the organization (Hughes and Ferrett 2015). The organization should also ensure that the doors and gates are constructed in such a way that they are fitted with the safety devices to prevent the risk of the accidents that might take place. Thirdly, the welfare factor with respect to the safety of the workers include maintenance of washing and lavatories services, drinking water provision and facilities to rest and eat proper meals during the course of their work. The factor of specific hazards in a workplace environment means that the workplace has an environment that include sources of hazardous substances such as dust fumes, chemicals and other biological agents. Exposure to such an environment may cause risk to the life of an employee. Such a condition of work is covered by a number of legislations in The United Kingdom. One of the most common kinds of workplace injury is trips and slips within the organization. Falling from a certain height, especially from the ladder, causes deaths of many employees within the organization. Disorders related to muscles and skeletons are common and include injuries from heavy lifting and strain injuries. In Great Britain asbestos is the largest cause of work related fatal disease and ill health (Hughes and Ferrett 2015). Vibration syndromes is caused by the use of powered hand tools and vibration from the vehicle at the workplace. Noise can damage the hearing capacity of an individual but it can also be of serious concern affecting the concentration of a person. Electricity death is also caused due to the underground power cables. Such kind of injury often results in some kind of permanent injury. For about 150 deaths in the United Kingdom are caused due to the systems containing a fluid under pressure due to the failure of the equipment of through incorrect design and poor operation maintenance. Exposure to radiation and the risks related to such exposure include damages such as medical imaging (Lax 2013). The term stress in the context of occupational health and safety is the most imprecise and over used term. However, it is clear what most people mean when they use the term stress. The Health and Safety Executive has defined the term stress as adverse reaction people have to excessive pressure or other types of demand placed on them. The stress factors may be reduced if there is a control method that is formulated for controlling the way work is done and managed, reducing work overload, increasing support from the managers, reducing issues that may be conflicting in nature, maintaining good relationships with the colleagues and increasing the efficiency of management of organizational change (Alli 2013). All the concepts related to safety and health risks should be understood by an organization. Organizations should keep in mind the laws that are made by the legislators for incorporation of the laws. The laws pertaining to safety and health measures include: The health and safety at Workplace Act, Management of health and safety regulations 1999, health and safety (First Aid) regulations 1981, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations, 1995, control of substances hazardous to health 2002, manual handling operations regulations 1992 and the food safety act, 1990. These Acts are incorporated into the United Kingdom working to provide security to the employees during the course of their work. The accountability of the laws should also be maintained not merely the creation of laws. It is the responsibility of the workers to get proper protection with prospect to the laws mentioned above. Laws should be made and implemented in favor of the employees (Lax 2013). The employees, however , also have the duty to ensure that they do not misuse the laws that is made by the law makers to provide security to them. Technology plays a very important role when it is about safety and health of the employees. The technological policies may be divided into the following, namely, maintenance environments, safety aids and security systems. For a legislation to be effective, proper implementation of the laws should be carried forth through the procedures, rules and policies. The policies should be in concordance with the structure and polices of the organizations. Legislation can be implemented if there is a proper care planning of the policies. The care planning method ensures that all the policies in a given organization are carried out effectively. This requirement for ensuring the safety of the employers can be met through good practice and security. Effective results may be given within a workplace if an employee has good communication skills. This may, however, be faced with challenges and problems. To make sure that the whole process is successful and efficient, a number of factors should be considered. The requirements of good communication skills should be considered with regard to the analysis of risks and benefits that is associated with good communication skills. The risks may be personal in nature and relating to other individuals. The effects of use of service resources and the priorities concerning the internal and external stakeholders are the main factors that should be considered for good communication skill (Lax 2013). The strategies and the health procedures may differ from one organization to the other organization. The policies which employers need to consider can be classified as: individual needs of the people, role and responsibilities of the employers and employees, procedures that are open to changes, the procedures that relate to professionalism and relationship between workers and the employers. These rules can be used as an assessment tool that one should consider the safety and health in an agency. Reviewing and monitoring of the threats and risks, informing the policies and learning from experience. A good organization will always take note from the threats and accidents that have occurred in the past and develop strategies to minimize the risks that are involved. Health and safety environment can be created at different levels within an organization. The levels may vary from managerial levels, individual level and organizational level. The contribution at each level should be formed in a precise and intelligent way. An organization should focus on training, responsibilities and compliance between the agencies and individuals and the groups that work in an organization. Evaluation and monitoring of the safety and health policies from time to time is the responsibility of an organization. This ensures that there is safety and health in an organization during the course of their employment. Maintaining health and hygiene in an organization shows how much an organization is careful about cleanliness that is maintained in the organization. Proper training should be given to the employees for their individual protection while they are at work. Such as, knowing how to use the fire extinguisher, and knowing how to use the fire exit in case of emergencies. If an organization does not comply with the health and safety measures breach of work safety and health law occurs when, an employee is put at risk of injury. Illness or death due to an accident or risk at workplace, when appropriate steps are not taken to prevent an injury arising out of an accident and there is failure to comply with the law requirements. An organization is said to be breach any law or requirement of safety when employers are exposed to hazardous materials and proper care of them is not taken for their safety (Reese 2015). Conclusively, it can be stated that much of the factors that influence the health and safety of the employees should be based on the principle of risk assessment. The law does not explicitly expect the employers to remove the risks involved but expects proper handling of the risks that exits. Identification of risks and thereby understanding as to who may be harmed by the threats exposed and taking proper steps for removal of such threats is what law expects them to do. Reference List: Alli, B.O., 2013.Fundamental principles of occupational health and safety. International Labour OfficeGeneva. ISBN 978-92-2-120454-1 [On-Line]. Available. Clarke, S., Probst, T., Guldenmund, F. and Passmore, J., 2015.The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of the Psychology of Occupational Safety and Workplace Health. John Wiley Sons. Hughes, P. and Ferrett, E., 2015.Introduction to Health and Safety at Work: For the NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety. Routledge. Lax, M.B., 2013, November. 25 years on: An assessment of the occupational health clinic network in New York state. In141st APHA Annual Meeting (November 2-November 6, 2013). APHA. Moriarty, B. and Wingert, E.P., 2013, January. Mold Happens: Dealing with Mold as an Occupational Health Hazard and the Environmental Management of Mold. InASSE Professional Development Conference and Exposition. American Society of Safety Engineers. Ndjoulou, F., Desmarais, L. and Prusse, M., 2015. Employer Responsibility for Occupational Health and Safety: Challenges, Issues and Approaches.Journal of Management,3(1), pp.1-8. Phillips, J.A., Holland, M.G., Baldwin, D.D., Meuleveld, L.G., Mueller, K.L., Perkison, B., Upfal, M. and Dreger, M., 2015. Marijuana in the Workplace: Guidance for Occupational Health Professionals and Employers: Joint Guidance Statement of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses and the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,57(4), pp.459-475. Qasim, M., Bashir, A., Anees, M.M., Ghani, M.U., Khalid, M., Hanan, F. and Malik, J., 2014. Occupational Health, Safety and Risk Analysis in Large Scale Industry of Lahore.Bulletin of Energy Economics (BEE),2(4), pp.113-118. Reese, C.D., 2015.Occupational health and safety management: a practical approach. CRC press. Robson, L.S., Stephenson, C.M., Schulte, P.A., Amick III, B.C., Irvin, E.L., Eggerth, D.E., Chan, S., Bielecky, A.R., Wang, A.M., Heidotting, T.L. and Peters, R.H., 2012. A systematic review of the effectiveness of occupational health and safety training.Scandinavian journal of work, environment health, pp.193-208. Shashikumar, M., Goud, B.R., Joseph, B. and Varghese, P.S., 2016. Occupational Health and Safety Measures in a Mortuary of a Private Tertiary Care Medical College Hospital, Bangalore.Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine Toxicology,10(1), pp.83-88. Sola, W., Giger-Pabst, U., Zieren, J. and Reymond, M.A., 2013. Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC): occupational health and safety aspects.Annals of surgical oncology,20(11), pp.3504-3511.

The Occurrence of Dementia Is an Increased Trend †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Occurrence of Dementia Is an Increased Trend. Answer: The Occurrence of Dementia Is an Increased Trend Dementia has become a key priority research by governments in many countries. Improving the health and the social welfare of the aged has become a concern in many nations. A research contacted by the World Alzheimer Report estimated that around 36 million people suffered from dementia(Downs Bowers, 2014). As a result, the government of Australia has started to express its commitment by providing systematic approaches for treating, diagnosing and preventing dementia(Pulsford Thompson, 2013). In addition, the government has developed national dementia plans to provide effective and efficient interventions and support to persons suffering from dementia and their carer. Aspects of Dementia Caregivers should adopt a caring approach that seeks to understand and know each victim of dementia in the context of their culture. They should make an effort to communicate in a language that is understandable and preferred to people with dementia. This creates culturally familiar atmosphere. In addition, efficient and effective dimension care entails quality leadership and support from direct care personnel as well as the management(Loveday, 2012). For staffs to provide good care, they need to undergo training and acquire skills on how to handle persons with dementia. People with dementia are often in pain and they tend not to tell anyone or point out the painful area (Hadjistavropoulos, 2008). This becomes a challenge as they only way to know they are in pain is by observing changes in their behavior. The caregivers should have clinical skills in pain assessments and be able to notice when the patient is restless, aggressive or annoyed. References Downs, M., Bowers, B. (2014). Excellence In Dementia Care: Research Into Practice. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. Hadjistavropoulos, T., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2008). Pain management for older adults: a self-help guide. Seattle: IASP Press. Loveday, B. (2012). Leadership for Person-Centred Dementia Care. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Pulsford, D., Thompson, R. T. (2013). Dementia: support for family and friends. London; Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Long and Short term Memory

According to psychology, memory is the ability of a human being to store, retain, and recall information and experience that characterize life. Although Lewandowsky, et,al,(2004) notes â€Å" several intermediate states are less well understood, short-term and long-term memories are accompanied by different biological states and mechanisms of retention and therefore there are two distinct forms of memory†. Human beings have two types of memory to hold information: the long term and short memory.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Long and Short term Memory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Long-term memory (LTM) stores information for a longer time than short memory: It is different from the STM in structure and function. â€Å"Biologically, short-term memory is a temporary potentiation of neural connections that can become long-term memory through the process of rehearsal and meaningful associationà ¢â‚¬  Parmentier, et al (2005). There is no researcher who is sure of the process but they say that it results in the transformation of the configuration of the neurons but the time that it takes is also debatable. The short term memory is also referred to as active or primary memory as it holds minute quantity of data at a particular time and it only remains obtainable for a short duration. The duration is estimated in seconds and research has it that the short term memory keeps information for 7 seconds plus two or minus two depending on an individual because its length is about seven bits. The memory works like a computers RAM memory; it provides a operating space then transfers the details to the other memory or discards it if its not necessary and the information is also vulnerable to interruption and interference. â€Å"Biologically short term memory involves the firing of neurons which depletes the Readily Releasable Pool (RRP) of neurotransmitter vesicles at presynaptic te rminals. The pattern of depleted presynaptic terminals represents the long term memory trace and the depletion itself is the short term memory† (Nairne, 2002). The short term memory The short term memory has three major operations: the iconic memory, the acoustic memory and the working memory. The iconic memory memorizes the visual images, the acoustic grasps the sounds and it more effective that the iconic. Information can be easily recalled by this memory depending on the length, phonological effect, semantic categories and words familiarity. Short-term memory relies generally on an acoustic code than the visual code for accumulation of information because People always find it difficult to remember a series of words that are acoustically similar for instance, dog, hog, and log).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Davelaar, et, al, (2005) notes â€Å"short-term memory is supported by transient patterns of neuronal communication, dependent on regions of the frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe†. The working memory stores the information until it is used and not until it’s moved to the long term .For example, when memorizing a telephone number it keeps the digits until one dials the numbers. It therefore keeps information for immediate use and not for latter use. The procedure of conveying information from STM to LTM entails the encoding and consolidation of information: it is not a task of time; the more the data resides in STM it increases the chances of it being transferred into the long term memory but multifaceted data is sorted out in the STM ahead of it being programmed into LTM. The Long-Term Memory Information is stocked up on the origin of sense and significance and it also has a huge capacity. Information from the short term memory is transferred to it through rehearsal and also info rmation learnt over a period of time is transferred to the long term memory and can only be removed by interfering with it or through decay . The information we store in it has to do with our understanding and views concerning issues around us. Significant information gained is also stored there and is retrieved according to need; for example learning new technology and applying the knowledge every time one needs it. Information is stored in mental models known a â€Å"schemas† the schemas are arranged in a manner that they are related through networks depending on the information that each contains. One schema therefore activates the other which also does so to the next hence creating a link and therefore enabling people to remember the required information when similar data is presented. The schemas guide our minds to the relevant information while ignoring the irrelevant .Therefore for one to easily remember something it’s advisable to use questions or graphical pre sentations to activate the schemas. The brain does not put everything together in a single compartment like it is in computer’s hard disk drive but instead there are different parts for storage. The long term memory is divided into two main regions: declarative memory and implicit memory also known as procedural memory. â€Å"Declarative memory comprises of all memories that are consciously available such as: the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and perirhinal cortex, but consolidated and stored elsewhere in the cortex† Scruggs, Mastropieri, (1997). The region also has further subdivisions: the episodic memory (precise events) and the Semantic memory which holds general information about outside issues. The other main region is the procedural memory: it involves knowledge involving use of objects and body movements and it is stored by the cerebellum and the striatum.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Long and Short term Memory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is another type of memory that is found in both of the above regions that is, the emotional memory: these memories are knowingly accessible, but they draw significant, unconscious physiological response. Luck, Vogel(1997) note â€Å"they also have a unique physiological pathway that involves strong connections from the amygdala into the prefrontal cortex, but much weaker connections running back from the prefrontal cortex to the amgydala.† There are also other types of memories that researchers claim that they exist but have not proven it, such as: Prospective memory and retrospective memory. â€Å"LTM also has a strong influence on perception through top-down processing – our prior knowledge affects how we perceive sensory information. Our expectations regarding a particular sensory experience influence how we interpret it and it is the source of bias† (Brown, ET, al, 2007). Factors aff ecting memory efficiency To remember information one has to retrieve it from an unconscious level and take it to the conscious at will; most people always assume they have a physical problem with their memory when they do not remember things but actually it is a part of the memory system that is usually inefficient. A well functioning memory system must register, retain and retrieve information efficiently and thus so as to remember things the three processes must take place. Failure to register or encode information can be due to distractions such as noise, stress, multi tasking or poor concentration. Retrieving issues usually occur if there is a problem in matching retrieval cues and the encoding of the information you searched. There are two categories of information retrieval: recall (information is sourced from the memory) and recognition. When information has been presented and knowledge showing that it has been encoded appears, then that is recognition. Recognition is less co mplex because the information is provided as a cue while in recall retrieval cues have to be provided to ensure quick access of information. Other issues causing memory problems are: old age, emotional factors, traumatic brain injury leading to, anterograde, amnesia and partial retrograde amnesia; or a neurodegenerative diseases such as; Alzheimer’s Disease, Dementia, Huntington’s Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson’s Disease, and Schizophrenia and currently they are not curable. Emotional factors also affect long-term memory but there have been arguments on whether the information gets lost or it only becomes difficult to access and as mentioned earlier: Information can sometimes be difficult to recall but can be recognized, or may be recalled only with prompting.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As people age the efficiency of their memory deteriorates leading an experience known as memory loss: this can be minimized at an early age by adjusting our lifestyles. People can also enhance their short term memory so that they remember more even information that was acquired two minutes ago. All of the above can be achieve by use of some methods and techniques recommended by psychologists and biologists. First, one has to identify the factors that largely affect memory efficiency, some of which are: â€Å"stress, lack of sleep, lack of exercise and lack of proper nutrients essential for proper brain functioning† Davelaar, ET, al, (2005). It is essential to avoid stress or deal with it especially if ones’ lives or works within a stressful environment. Regular people find themselves mostly around these two surroundings and therefore if they are stress inducers they can have a big effect on ones psychological health. People therefore need to get rid of that stress by u se of: â€Å"De-stressing techniques such as; body massages, long baths, hanging out with friends. Consumption of vitamins such as B-complex, zinc and foliate will also be very helpful in such situations† Cowan (2001). Another factor affecting memory efficiency is sleep; one of the core functions of sleep is to process information gained in the long term memory. Sleep also improves memory by ensuring proper functioning of the brain and eight hours of sleep are recommended for this. Sometimes people may not sleep due to stress, warm milk or chamomile tea can help in such situations. Another method of enhancing the brain’s performance is by exercise because it increases oxygen circulation in the brain. The current working surroundings often are characterized by doing several jobs simultaneously hence the brain is forced to focus on many things at once. The best way to handle such work is to remember it in the short term memory for efficiency and the only way of achieving this is by being alert. One of the mostly recommended strategies in enabling the short term memory to perform is use of mnemonics especially if a large amount of information is involved. It is vital to note that the memory makes use of mnemonics to activate definite physiological responses which are mostly related to senses. These senses are: images, sounds, colors, tastes, smells, touch, language and emotions. Miller, (1956) notes â€Å"associating a pleasant, frightening or funny image, color or sound to certain information also helps people to recall better† After the mnemonics are well understood, steps to improve the short term memory starts and the first step should be memorizing new information, then teaching that information to others follows, this enables one to know what information has been stored and that which has not yet. The next step is to re-organize the information so as to strengthen the short term memory; â€Å" it involves writing down information, read ing out loud, listening, and Writing down information; seeing also helps to engage more than one sense at the same time† Oberauer and Kliegl (2006). In addition, use of graphical information as said earlier increases the brain’s speed to process information. Another strategy is use of chunking: â€Å"it has been proven to be a significant aid for enhancing the STM transfer to LTM because the STM’s capacity is limited to about seven items, regardless of the complexity of those items† Jonides, et, al, (2008).Chunking permits the brain to routinely assemble certain items simultaneously, consequently enhancing the ability to remember and learn better. It usually involves organizing information in groups before encoding it in the memory. For example, when trying to memorize a phone number it is advisable to divide the seven digit number into twos or threes and may be depending on their meaning: Such numbers have the area codes, then six other digits which can b e divided into threes hence making it easier to remember the separated digits instead of 10 of them. Regular use of information in the long term memory also increases the efficiency of memory: Nairne, (2002) notes â€Å"In one testing session, an American cross-country runner was able to recall a string of 79 digits after hearing them only once by chunking them into different running times for instance, the first four numbers were 1518, a three-mile time.† There are many other ways of improving memory efficiency this include; taking medication and some drugs that should be recommended by a physician for instance, nicotine has been previously recommended but it has to be legally prescribed. Critical thinking can also improve the memory’s efficiency while also accompanied by making rational decisions. Another activity that would be suitable is writing; people can make a habit of writing down information directly from their minds; small, simple journals would be appropria te. People facing traumatic experiences that are affecting their memory should seek psychiatric help to assist them deal with the problem. The short term memory can only keep information for about seven seconds but depending on the individual it can be plus or minus two. The information then decays after that, but it can be kept longer by rehearsing or saying aloud. Researchers have not yet discovered the real reason as to why the information decays and yet the memory can take new information a second after the other has been deleted. The long term memory is said to keep information permanently but it also depends on the importance of the information and its utilization. Important information and frequently used information is easily recalled while that which is not really important can get lost over a period of time. The long term memory can however keep information for the entire life time of a person’s existence with the help of a protein known as kinase. In conclusion the human memory is divided into two as said earlier; the two memories have their specific functions and they are interdependent since information has to pass through the short term memory before it goes to the long term and it is the duty of the latter to store it. Memory efficiency varies in human beings depending with everyone’s daily experiences. However everyone should ensure that their brain is functioning properly because it is the core organ determining memory efficiency. People should also avoid stress, feed on a balanced diet and exercise regularly to keep the brain healthy and active. Reference List Brown, G. D. A., Neath, I., Chater, N. (2007). A ratio model of scale-invariant memory and identification. Psychological Review, 114, 539-576 Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 97-185. Davelaar, E. J., Goshen-Gottstein, Y., A., A., Haarmann, H. J., Usher, M. (2005): The demise of short-term memory revisited: empirical and computational investigation of recency effects. Psychological Review, 112, pp. 3–42. Jonides, J., Lewis, R. L., Nee, D. E., Lustig, C. A., Berman, M. G., Moore, K. S. (2008). The mind and brain of short-term memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 193-224. Lewandowsky, S., Duncan, M., Brown, G. D. A. (2004). Time does not cause forgetting in short-term serial recall. Psychonomic Bulletin Review, 11, 771-790. Luck, S. J., Vogel, E. K. (1997). The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions. Nature, 390, 279-281. Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81-97. Nairne, J. S. (2002). Remembering over the short-term: The case against the standard model. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 53-81. Oberauer, K., Kliegl, R. (2006). A formal model of capacity limits in working memory. Journal of Memo ry and Language, 55, 601-626. Parmentier, F. B. R., Elford, G., Maybery, M. (2005). Transitional information in spatial serial memory: path characteristics affect recall performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31, 412-427. Scruggs, T. E., Mastropieri, M. A., â€Å"Mnemonic instruction for students with learning disabilities: What it is and what it does,† Learning Disabilities Quarterly, 1990, vol. 13, 271-280. This research paper on Long and Short term Memory was written and submitted by user Damari Craig to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

French Words for Writers

French Words for Writers French Words for Writers French Words for Writers By Maeve Maddox Here are some French words and expressions of special use to writers. auteur theory This term has come into use from the writings of French film critics. The auteur is the director and the film is interpreted in relation to that directors personality and personal view of the world. Such criticism usually compares the film being analyzed to other films by the same director. belles-lettres (beautiful literature) Since in current usage the word literature is used for everything from Moby Dick to publicity flyers, the term belles-lettres is useful when one wishes to differentiate between lasting literary works, as opposed to writing of a more ephemeral or prosaic nature. critique As a noun, a critique is a critical examination of a work according to some set of standards, with an intention of defining it and assessing its worth. A critique goes into more depth than a review. In English critique can also be used as verb: My assignment is to critique Cargoes by John Masefield. dà ©nouement (unknotting/untying) The dà ©nouement is that part of a mystery story in which the solution is presented and the missing details provided. It follows the climax and heralds the end. film noir (black film) This term was coined by French film critic Nino Frank to refer to a type of crime film of the 1940s. Prime examples: The Maltese Falcon, Double Indemnity, and Touch of Evil. A few non-crime films are also classed as film noir, for example: Blood on the Moon (western), and The Lost Weekend (a film about alcoholism). What they have in common is that most were filmed in black and white with the camera held at odd angles. They make use of voice-over narration. Lighting is dark and forbidding, and the nature of the story is depressing. More recently, the television series Twin Peaks has been called soap noir. nom de plume (pen name) Although nom de plume is an expression made up of French words, it was probably coined by English speakers on the model of the French expression nom de guerre (war name) which already has the meaning fictitious name. Everyone knows that Mark Twain was the nom de plume or nom de guerre of Samuel Clemens. pastiche The French got this word from an Italian word meaning pie. A pastiche is a parody or literary imitation, usually written with the intention to ridicule, but it sometimes results from too great an admiration for another author. Parodies are usually of short-lived interest or amusement, but sometimes a pastiche turns out to have lasting entertainment value. Alexander Popes long poem The Rape of the Lock is a pastiche of the heroic epic and is still funny to anyone who has read the Iliad. Likewise the film Galaxy Quest is hilarious to anyone brought up on the original StarTrek television series. prà ©cis (from French word for precise) A prà ©cis is an abstract of the essential facts of a work, presented in the same order they appear in the original. This is different from a summary which may present the essential information in a different order. roman clef (novel requiring a key) The word roman in this expression is French for novel. In this kind of novel the fictional characters and events represent real persons and events. Primary Colors (about Bill Clinton) and Postcards from the Edge (about people in Carrie Fishers life) are romans clef. RSVP (please reply) Everybody knows that RSVP on an invitation is a request for the persons invited to tell the host if they will in fact attend the function. Ive seen invitations that say Please RSVP. The abbreviation RSVP stands for Rà ©pondez sil vous plaà ®t. The sil vous plaà ®t is the equivalent of please. RSVP is all thats needed. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire YouConnotations of 35 Words for Funny PeoplePassed vs Past

Royal Dutch Shell Group Strategic Management Essay

Royal Dutch Shell Group Strategic Management - Essay Example These definitions highlight both the internal and external roles of strategic management in terms of the organization. Further definitions will be given in following sections. Shell’s approach leading up to the new millennium was mainly internal, with massive restructuring of the organisation through divesting unprofitable business areas, eliminating unwanted bureaucratic levels of administration, and placing more power in the hands of a few executives, with the main control and authority coming from the corporate centre consisting of the committee of managing directors (CMD). This was established by flattening the organization’s structure and resulted in minimizing the channels of communication between the corporate center and the operating companies, thus making reporting less complicated. By 2000, Shell’s management structure consisted of the corporate center as the central authority, with executive officers from each of their business units reporting directly to the corporate center. The operating companies, in turn, reported to the business units. This constitutes a flatter organisation structure with a strong central leadership where the overall objectives and goals of the organisation are clearly communicated through the different entities, and problems facing the operating levels in different geographical regions can be effectively made known to the corporate centre for further strategic actions (see Dubrin, 2004; Mullins, 1999). In effect, it can be safely assumed that Shell was headed towards an authoritative style of management starting from the corporate center and continuing down through the executive offices of the business units and finally the operating units. A simpler structure is also helpful for the management in assessing more clearly employees’ performances in order to carry out appraisals and give rewards (Mullins, 1999; Brooks, 2006).

Any recent news from wall street journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Any recent news from wall street journal - Essay Example My reasoning relies on the fact that housing is amongst the most significant contributors of our economy and yet the mortgage rates that are in place are not affordable to the low-income earners. The idea of adopting mortgages has always been meant to make the reality of building homes easier (Green 6). Nevertheless, according to the Department of Housing and Urban Development reports, though the housing sector has registered far-reaching improvement in recent years, a considerable section of the new homeowners resorted to constructing their homes instead of embracing the mortgage plan. Comparing both population growth and the need to replace older houses to the development of the housing sector, one will not fail to recognize the fact that more houses should be put up. This can only be achieved if the housing rates are reviewed in favor of the market. By putting in place, favorable housing policies will create not only more jobs for the unemployed, but also boosts our economy and result in the housing sector recording its highest sales value

Starting your Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Starting your Marketing Plan - Essay Example A syndicated mall is a convenient location to attract people who will walk past the mall. Segment location of Zsamar’s Barber Salon will spreads around ten miles within the radius of the mall. The location of the salon will harbor a target population of 4500 people. The location of Zsamar’s Barber Salon will consider various demographic, behavioral, and geographical factors. The business will serve their target market from a centrally located region. Geographically, Zsamar’s Barber Salon immediate city is New York and the communities that will surround the business consist of 100,300 people. Demographically, the business will serve adult women, teens, young women, and children. Consequently, 3-12 years will comprise 0.1% of the target market, 13-19 years will comprise 14% of the target population, 20-30 years will comprise 26%, while 30 years and above will comprise 56% of the target population. Based on the business’ distribution, the services and product s of Zsamar’s Barber Salon will be dispensed from the central